In 1651, Thomas Hobbes, in chapter 33 of Leviathan, a set of tests showed that the entire Pentateuch monster could never have been written by Moses, with comments by passages such as Deut. 34:6 ( "no man knows of his sepulcher to this day," implying that the author lived long after the death of Moses) Gen 12:6 ( "and the Canaanites occupied territory) implying that the author lived when the Canaanites were no longer there, and Num 21:14 (referring to the book before the events of Moses), concluding that none of them could have been written by Moses. Others, including the Isaac Peyrere, Baruch Spinoza, Richard Simon, and John Hampden, reached the same conclusion, but his works were condemned, some of them were imprisoned and forced to recant, even an attempt on the life of Spinoza.
In 1753 Jean Astruc published (anonymously) Conjectures sur les memoires originaux, dont il para t services that Moses s'est pour composer le livre of the genes ( "Conjecture of the original reports where Moises supported himself as a composer of the Book of Genesis "). Astruc were the reasons to refute Hobbes and Spinoza - "disease of the last century," as I call their work. To implement this, I apply the analytical tools Genesis literary scholars and used in classical texts like the Iliad, to sift through the alternatives to traditional text and get more authentic.
Began by identifying two markers that appeared to identify changes consistent: the use of "Elohim" or "YHWH" (Yahweh) as the name of God, and the appearance of duplicate stories as the two stories of creation in the first and second chapters of Genesis, and the two stories of Sarah and a foreign king (Gen.12 and Gen.20). Then, set up columns, and assign to these verses of "Elohim" in a column, and "YHWH" in another, and the stories of other duplicates in two columns, next to them. The four parallel columns thus constructed contained two long and two short stories. Astruc suggested that these were the original documents used by Moses and that Moses had written Genesis market would be exactly like that, four parallel stories to be read separately. According to Astruc, later a columnist combines the four columns into a single narrative, creating confusion and duplication observed by Hobbes and Spinoza.
The tools adopted by Astruc for criticizing bibliques sources were extensively developed by the following scholars, most Germans. From 1780 onwards Johann Gottfried Eichhorn Astruc extends the analysis beyond the Genesis to the entire Pentateuch, and by 1823 concluded that Moses was not involved in writing this. In 1805 Wilhelm for Wetter conclude that the tradition represented deuteronomica third independent source. By 1822, Friedrich Bleek identify the book of Joshua as a continuation of the Pentateuch through Deuteronomy, while others identify signs of deuteronomica Tradition in Judges, Samuel and Kings.
In 1853 Hermann Hupfeld suggested that the tradition elohista was in fact two separate sources that should be so, isolate the priestly tradition Hupfeld also emphasized the importance of the "Editor", or last editor in the production of the Torah from the four sources. Not all of the Pentateuch dating back to one of four sources: many smaller sections were identified, as the holiness code in Leviticus 17 to 26 .
The studies also sought to identify the sequence of dates of the four sources, and suggest who might have been written, and why. De Wetter had concluded in 1805 that none of the texts of the Pentateuch was written before the days of David Since Spinoza, D was connected with the priests of the temple of Jerusalem, during the reign of Josiah in 621 a. some things C., then, scholars have argued several compositions in the order PEJD or EJDP or JEDP: but the issue is far from resolved.
- Bella Online
Yom Yerushalayim is an Israeli national holiday in honor of the day in 1967 (Iyar 28, 5727) when the Israeli forces recaptured parts of the holy city under Arab ownership.
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